Dado um conjunto de cidades e distância entre todos os pares de cidades, o problema é encontrar a turnê mais curta possível que visita todas as cidades exatamente uma vez e retorna ao ponto de partida.

Por exemplo, considere o gráfico mostrado na figura no lado direito. Um passeio TSP no gráfico é 0-1-3-2-0. O custo do passeio é 10+25+30+15, que é 80.
Discutimos as seguintes soluções
1) Programação ingênua e dinâmica
2) Solução aproximada usando MST
Ramificação e solução ligada
Como visto nos artigos anteriores no método de ramificação e vinculado para o nó atual na árvore, calculamos um limite na melhor solução possível que podemos obter se diminuirmos esse nó. Se o limite da melhor solução possível é pior que o melhor atual (melhor calculado até agora), ignoramos a subárvore enraizada no nó.
Observe que o custo através de um nó inclui dois custos.
1) Custo de atingir o nó da raiz (quando atingimos um nó, temos esse custo calculado)
2) Custo de atingir uma resposta do nó atual para uma folha (calculamos um limite nesse custo para decidir se ignorará a subárvore com este nó ou não).
- Nos casos de um problema de maximização Um limite superior nos diz a solução máxima possível se seguirmos o nó fornecido. Por exemplo, em 0/1 Knapsack, usamos a abordagem gananciosa para encontrar um limite superior .
- Nos casos de um problema de minimização Um limite inferior nos diz a solução mínima possível se seguirmos o nó fornecido. Por exemplo, em Problema de atribuição de trabalho Temos um limite inferior ao atribuir menos custos a um trabalhador.
Na filial e vinculado, a parte desafiadora é descobrir uma maneira de calcular um limite na melhor solução possível. Abaixo está uma ideia usada para calcular os limites para o problema de vendedor ambulante.
O custo de qualquer turnê pode ser escrito como abaixo.
Cost of a tour T = (1/2) * ? (Sum of cost of two edges adjacent to u and in the tour T) where u ? V For every vertex u if we consider two edges through it in T and sum their costs. The overall sum for all vertices would be twice of cost of tour T (We have considered every edge twice.) (Sum of two tour edges adjacent to u) >= (sum of minimum weight two edges adjacent to u) Cost of any tour >= 1/2) * ? (Sum of cost of two minimum weight edges adjacent to u) where u ? V
Por exemplo, considere o gráfico mostrado acima. Abaixo estão o custo mínimo duas arestas adjacentes a todos os nós.
Node Least cost edges Total cost 0 (0 1) (0 2) 25 1 (0 1) (1 3) 35 2 (0 2) (2 3) 45 3 (0 3) (1 3) 45 Thus a lower bound on the cost of any tour = 1/2(25 + 35 + 45 + 45) = 75 Refer this for one more example.
Agora temos uma idéia sobre o cálculo do limite inferior. Vamos ver como aplicá -lo na árvore de busca de espaço estadual. Começamos a enumerar todos os nós possíveis (de preferência em ordem lexicográfica)
1. O nó raiz: Sem perda de generalidade, assumimos que começamos no vértice '0' para o qual o limite inferior foi calculado acima.
Lidar com o nível 2: O próximo nível enumera todos os vértices possíveis para os quais podemos ir (tendo em mente que em qualquer caminho um vértice deve ocorrer apenas uma vez) que são 1 2 3 ... n (observe que o gráfico está completo). Considere que estamos calculando para o Vertex 1 desde que passamos de 0 para 1 Nosso passeio incluiu agora o Edge 0-1. Isso nos permite fazer as alterações necessárias no limite inferior da raiz.
Lower Bound for vertex 1 = Old lower bound - ((minimum edge cost of 0 + minimum edge cost of 1) / 2) + (edge cost 0-1)
Como funciona? Para incluir a borda 0-1, adicionamos o custo da borda de 0-1 e subtraia um peso de borda, de modo que o limite inferior permaneça o mais apertado possível, que seria a soma das bordas mínimas de 0 e 1 divididas por 2. Claramente a borda subtraída não pode ser menor que isso.
Lidar com outros níveis: À medida que passamos para o próximo nível, enumeramos novamente todos os vértices possíveis. Para o caso acima que vai mais longe após 1, verificamos 2 3 4 ... n.
Considere o limite inferior para 2 à medida que passamos de 1 para 1, incluímos a borda 1-2 para o passeio e alteramos o novo limite inferior para este nó.
Lower bound(2) = Old lower bound - ((second minimum edge cost of 1 + minimum edge cost of 2)/2) + edge cost 1-2)
NOTA: A única alteração na fórmula é que, desta vez, incluímos o segundo custo mínimo da borda para 1 porque o custo mínimo da borda já foi subtraído no nível anterior.
C++
// C++ program to solve Traveling Salesman Problem // using Branch and Bound. #include using namespace std; const int N = 4; // final_path[] stores the final solution ie the // path of the salesman. int final_path[N+1]; // visited[] keeps track of the already visited nodes // in a particular path bool visited[N]; // Stores the final minimum weight of shortest tour. int final_res = INT_MAX; // Function to copy temporary solution to // the final solution void copyToFinal(int curr_path[]) { for (int i=0; i<N; i++) final_path[i] = curr_path[i]; final_path[N] = curr_path[0]; } // Function to find the minimum edge cost // having an end at the vertex i int firstMin(int adj[N][N] int i) { int min = INT_MAX; for (int k=0; k<N; k++) if (adj[i][k]<min && i != k) min = adj[i][k]; return min; } // function to find the second minimum edge cost // having an end at the vertex i int secondMin(int adj[N][N] int i) { int first = INT_MAX second = INT_MAX; for (int j=0; j<N; j++) { if (i == j) continue; if (adj[i][j] <= first) { second = first; first = adj[i][j]; } else if (adj[i][j] <= second && adj[i][j] != first) second = adj[i][j]; } return second; } // function that takes as arguments: // curr_bound -> lower bound of the root node // curr_weight-> stores the weight of the path so far // level-> current level while moving in the search // space tree // curr_path[] -> where the solution is being stored which // would later be copied to final_path[] void TSPRec(int adj[N][N] int curr_bound int curr_weight int level int curr_path[]) { // base case is when we have reached level N which // means we have covered all the nodes once if (level==N) { // check if there is an edge from last vertex in // path back to the first vertex if (adj[curr_path[level-1]][curr_path[0]] != 0) { // curr_res has the total weight of the // solution we got int curr_res = curr_weight + adj[curr_path[level-1]][curr_path[0]]; // Update final result and final path if // current result is better. if (curr_res < final_res) { copyToFinal(curr_path); final_res = curr_res; } } return; } // for any other level iterate for all vertices to // build the search space tree recursively for (int i=0; i<N; i++) { // Consider next vertex if it is not same (diagonal // entry in adjacency matrix and not visited // already) if (adj[curr_path[level-1]][i] != 0 && visited[i] == false) { int temp = curr_bound; curr_weight += adj[curr_path[level-1]][i]; // different computation of curr_bound for // level 2 from the other levels if (level==1) curr_bound -= ((firstMin(adj curr_path[level-1]) + firstMin(adj i))/2); else curr_bound -= ((secondMin(adj curr_path[level-1]) + firstMin(adj i))/2); // curr_bound + curr_weight is the actual lower bound // for the node that we have arrived on // If current lower bound < final_res we need to explore // the node further if (curr_bound + curr_weight < final_res) { curr_path[level] = i; visited[i] = true; // call TSPRec for the next level TSPRec(adj curr_bound curr_weight level+1 curr_path); } // Else we have to prune the node by resetting // all changes to curr_weight and curr_bound curr_weight -= adj[curr_path[level-1]][i]; curr_bound = temp; // Also reset the visited array memset(visited false sizeof(visited)); for (int j=0; j<=level-1; j++) visited[curr_path[j]] = true; } } } // This function sets up final_path[] void TSP(int adj[N][N]) { int curr_path[N+1]; // Calculate initial lower bound for the root node // using the formula 1/2 * (sum of first min + // second min) for all edges. // Also initialize the curr_path and visited array int curr_bound = 0; memset(curr_path -1 sizeof(curr_path)); memset(visited 0 sizeof(curr_path)); // Compute initial bound for (int i=0; i<N; i++) curr_bound += (firstMin(adj i) + secondMin(adj i)); // Rounding off the lower bound to an integer curr_bound = (curr_bound&1)? curr_bound/2 + 1 : curr_bound/2; // We start at vertex 1 so the first vertex // in curr_path[] is 0 visited[0] = true; curr_path[0] = 0; // Call to TSPRec for curr_weight equal to // 0 and level 1 TSPRec(adj curr_bound 0 1 curr_path); } // Driver code int main() { //Adjacency matrix for the given graph int adj[N][N] = { {0 10 15 20} {10 0 35 25} {15 35 0 30} {20 25 30 0} }; TSP(adj); printf('Minimum cost : %dn' final_res); printf('Path Taken : '); for (int i=0; i<=N; i++) printf('%d ' final_path[i]); return 0; }
Java // Java program to solve Traveling Salesman Problem // using Branch and Bound. import java.util.*; class GFG { static int N = 4; // final_path[] stores the final solution ie the // path of the salesman. static int final_path[] = new int[N + 1]; // visited[] keeps track of the already visited nodes // in a particular path static boolean visited[] = new boolean[N]; // Stores the final minimum weight of shortest tour. static int final_res = Integer.MAX_VALUE; // Function to copy temporary solution to // the final solution static void copyToFinal(int curr_path[]) { for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) final_path[i] = curr_path[i]; final_path[N] = curr_path[0]; } // Function to find the minimum edge cost // having an end at the vertex i static int firstMin(int adj[][] int i) { int min = Integer.MAX_VALUE; for (int k = 0; k < N; k++) if (adj[i][k] < min && i != k) min = adj[i][k]; return min; } // function to find the second minimum edge cost // having an end at the vertex i static int secondMin(int adj[][] int i) { int first = Integer.MAX_VALUE second = Integer.MAX_VALUE; for (int j=0; j<N; j++) { if (i == j) continue; if (adj[i][j] <= first) { second = first; first = adj[i][j]; } else if (adj[i][j] <= second && adj[i][j] != first) second = adj[i][j]; } return second; } // function that takes as arguments: // curr_bound -> lower bound of the root node // curr_weight-> stores the weight of the path so far // level-> current level while moving in the search // space tree // curr_path[] -> where the solution is being stored which // would later be copied to final_path[] static void TSPRec(int adj[][] int curr_bound int curr_weight int level int curr_path[]) { // base case is when we have reached level N which // means we have covered all the nodes once if (level == N) { // check if there is an edge from last vertex in // path back to the first vertex if (adj[curr_path[level - 1]][curr_path[0]] != 0) { // curr_res has the total weight of the // solution we got int curr_res = curr_weight + adj[curr_path[level-1]][curr_path[0]]; // Update final result and final path if // current result is better. if (curr_res < final_res) { copyToFinal(curr_path); final_res = curr_res; } } return; } // for any other level iterate for all vertices to // build the search space tree recursively for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) { // Consider next vertex if it is not same (diagonal // entry in adjacency matrix and not visited // already) if (adj[curr_path[level-1]][i] != 0 && visited[i] == false) { int temp = curr_bound; curr_weight += adj[curr_path[level - 1]][i]; // different computation of curr_bound for // level 2 from the other levels if (level==1) curr_bound -= ((firstMin(adj curr_path[level - 1]) + firstMin(adj i))/2); else curr_bound -= ((secondMin(adj curr_path[level - 1]) + firstMin(adj i))/2); // curr_bound + curr_weight is the actual lower bound // for the node that we have arrived on // If current lower bound < final_res we need to explore // the node further if (curr_bound + curr_weight < final_res) { curr_path[level] = i; visited[i] = true; // call TSPRec for the next level TSPRec(adj curr_bound curr_weight level + 1 curr_path); } // Else we have to prune the node by resetting // all changes to curr_weight and curr_bound curr_weight -= adj[curr_path[level-1]][i]; curr_bound = temp; // Also reset the visited array Arrays.fill(visitedfalse); for (int j = 0; j <= level - 1; j++) visited[curr_path[j]] = true; } } } // This function sets up final_path[] static void TSP(int adj[][]) { int curr_path[] = new int[N + 1]; // Calculate initial lower bound for the root node // using the formula 1/2 * (sum of first min + // second min) for all edges. // Also initialize the curr_path and visited array int curr_bound = 0; Arrays.fill(curr_path -1); Arrays.fill(visited false); // Compute initial bound for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) curr_bound += (firstMin(adj i) + secondMin(adj i)); // Rounding off the lower bound to an integer curr_bound = (curr_bound==1)? curr_bound/2 + 1 : curr_bound/2; // We start at vertex 1 so the first vertex // in curr_path[] is 0 visited[0] = true; curr_path[0] = 0; // Call to TSPRec for curr_weight equal to // 0 and level 1 TSPRec(adj curr_bound 0 1 curr_path); } // Driver code public static void main(String[] args) { //Adjacency matrix for the given graph int adj[][] = {{0 10 15 20} {10 0 35 25} {15 35 0 30} {20 25 30 0} }; TSP(adj); System.out.printf('Minimum cost : %dn' final_res); System.out.printf('Path Taken : '); for (int i = 0; i <= N; i++) { System.out.printf('%d ' final_path[i]); } } } /* This code contributed by PrinciRaj1992 */
Python3 # Python3 program to solve # Traveling Salesman Problem using # Branch and Bound. import math maxsize = float('inf') # Function to copy temporary solution # to the final solution def copyToFinal(curr_path): final_path[:N + 1] = curr_path[:] final_path[N] = curr_path[0] # Function to find the minimum edge cost # having an end at the vertex i def firstMin(adj i): min = maxsize for k in range(N): if adj[i][k] < min and i != k: min = adj[i][k] return min # function to find the second minimum edge # cost having an end at the vertex i def secondMin(adj i): first second = maxsize maxsize for j in range(N): if i == j: continue if adj[i][j] <= first: second = first first = adj[i][j] elif(adj[i][j] <= second and adj[i][j] != first): second = adj[i][j] return second # function that takes as arguments: # curr_bound -> lower bound of the root node # curr_weight-> stores the weight of the path so far # level-> current level while moving # in the search space tree # curr_path[] -> where the solution is being stored # which would later be copied to final_path[] def TSPRec(adj curr_bound curr_weight level curr_path visited): global final_res # base case is when we have reached level N # which means we have covered all the nodes once if level == N: # check if there is an edge from # last vertex in path back to the first vertex if adj[curr_path[level - 1]][curr_path[0]] != 0: # curr_res has the total weight # of the solution we got curr_res = curr_weight + adj[curr_path[level - 1]] [curr_path[0]] if curr_res < final_res: copyToFinal(curr_path) final_res = curr_res return # for any other level iterate for all vertices # to build the search space tree recursively for i in range(N): # Consider next vertex if it is not same # (diagonal entry in adjacency matrix and # not visited already) if (adj[curr_path[level-1]][i] != 0 and visited[i] == False): temp = curr_bound curr_weight += adj[curr_path[level - 1]][i] # different computation of curr_bound # for level 2 from the other levels if level == 1: curr_bound -= ((firstMin(adj curr_path[level - 1]) + firstMin(adj i)) / 2) else: curr_bound -= ((secondMin(adj curr_path[level - 1]) + firstMin(adj i)) / 2) # curr_bound + curr_weight is the actual lower bound # for the node that we have arrived on. # If current lower bound < final_res # we need to explore the node further if curr_bound + curr_weight < final_res: curr_path[level] = i visited[i] = True # call TSPRec for the next level TSPRec(adj curr_bound curr_weight level + 1 curr_path visited) # Else we have to prune the node by resetting # all changes to curr_weight and curr_bound curr_weight -= adj[curr_path[level - 1]][i] curr_bound = temp # Also reset the visited array visited = [False] * len(visited) for j in range(level): if curr_path[j] != -1: visited[curr_path[j]] = True # This function sets up final_path def TSP(adj): # Calculate initial lower bound for the root node # using the formula 1/2 * (sum of first min + # second min) for all edges. Also initialize the # curr_path and visited array curr_bound = 0 curr_path = [-1] * (N + 1) visited = [False] * N # Compute initial bound for i in range(N): curr_bound += (firstMin(adj i) + secondMin(adj i)) # Rounding off the lower bound to an integer curr_bound = math.ceil(curr_bound / 2) # We start at vertex 1 so the first vertex # in curr_path[] is 0 visited[0] = True curr_path[0] = 0 # Call to TSPRec for curr_weight # equal to 0 and level 1 TSPRec(adj curr_bound 0 1 curr_path visited) # Driver code # Adjacency matrix for the given graph adj = [[0 10 15 20] [10 0 35 25] [15 35 0 30] [20 25 30 0]] N = 4 # final_path[] stores the final solution # i.e. the // path of the salesman. final_path = [None] * (N + 1) # visited[] keeps track of the already # visited nodes in a particular path visited = [False] * N # Stores the final minimum weight # of shortest tour. final_res = maxsize TSP(adj) print('Minimum cost :' final_res) print('Path Taken : ' end = ' ') for i in range(N + 1): print(final_path[i] end = ' ') # This code is contributed by ng24_7
C# // C# program to solve Traveling Salesman Problem // using Branch and Bound. using System; public class GFG { static int N = 4; // final_path[] stores the final solution ie the // path of the salesman. static int[] final_path = new int[N + 1]; // visited[] keeps track of the already visited nodes // in a particular path static bool[] visited = new bool[N]; // Stores the final minimum weight of shortest tour. static int final_res = Int32.MaxValue; // Function to copy temporary solution to // the final solution static void copyToFinal(int[] curr_path) { for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) final_path[i] = curr_path[i]; final_path[N] = curr_path[0]; } // Function to find the minimum edge cost // having an end at the vertex i static int firstMin(int[ ] adj int i) { int min = Int32.MaxValue; for (int k = 0; k < N; k++) if (adj[i k] < min && i != k) min = adj[i k]; return min; } // function to find the second minimum edge cost // having an end at the vertex i static int secondMin(int[ ] adj int i) { int first = Int32.MaxValue second = Int32.MaxValue; for (int j = 0; j < N; j++) { if (i == j) continue; if (adj[i j] <= first) { second = first; first = adj[i j]; } else if (adj[i j] <= second && adj[i j] != first) second = adj[i j]; } return second; } // function that takes as arguments: // curr_bound -> lower bound of the root node // curr_weight-> stores the weight of the path so far // level-> current level while moving in the search // space tree // curr_path[] -> where the solution is being stored // which // would later be copied to final_path[] static void TSPRec(int[ ] adj int curr_bound int curr_weight int level int[] curr_path) { // base case is when we have reached level N which // means we have covered all the nodes once if (level == N) { // check if there is an edge from last vertex in // path back to the first vertex if (adj[curr_path[level - 1] curr_path[0]] != 0) { // curr_res has the total weight of the // solution we got int curr_res = curr_weight + adj[curr_path[level - 1] curr_path[0]]; // Update final result and final path if // current result is better. if (curr_res < final_res) { copyToFinal(curr_path); final_res = curr_res; } } return; } // for any other level iterate for all vertices to // build the search space tree recursively for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) { // Consider next vertex if it is not same // (diagonal entry in adjacency matrix and not // visited already) if (adj[curr_path[level - 1] i] != 0 && visited[i] == false) { int temp = curr_bound; curr_weight += adj[curr_path[level - 1] i]; // different computation of curr_bound for // level 2 from the other levels if (level == 1) curr_bound -= ((firstMin(adj curr_path[level - 1]) + firstMin(adj i)) / 2); else curr_bound -= ((secondMin(adj curr_path[level - 1]) + firstMin(adj i)) / 2); // curr_bound + curr_weight is the actual // lower bound for the node that we have // arrived on If current lower bound < // final_res we need to explore the node // further if (curr_bound + curr_weight < final_res) { curr_path[level] = i; visited[i] = true; // call TSPRec for the next level TSPRec(adj curr_bound curr_weight level + 1 curr_path); } // Else we have to prune the node by // resetting all changes to curr_weight and // curr_bound curr_weight -= adj[curr_path[level - 1] i]; curr_bound = temp; // Also reset the visited array Array.Fill(visited false); for (int j = 0; j <= level - 1; j++) visited[curr_path[j]] = true; } } } // This function sets up final_path[] static void TSP(int[ ] adj) { int[] curr_path = new int[N + 1]; // Calculate initial lower bound for the root node // using the formula 1/2 * (sum of first min + // second min) for all edges. // Also initialize the curr_path and visited array int curr_bound = 0; Array.Fill(curr_path -1); Array.Fill(visited false); // Compute initial bound for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) curr_bound += (firstMin(adj i) + secondMin(adj i)); // Rounding off the lower bound to an integer curr_bound = (curr_bound == 1) ? curr_bound / 2 + 1 : curr_bound / 2; // We start at vertex 1 so the first vertex // in curr_path[] is 0 visited[0] = true; curr_path[0] = 0; // Call to TSPRec for curr_weight equal to // 0 and level 1 TSPRec(adj curr_bound 0 1 curr_path); } // Driver code static public void Main() { // Adjacency matrix for the given graph int[ ] adj = { { 0 10 15 20 } { 10 0 35 25 } { 15 35 0 30 } { 20 25 30 0 } }; TSP(adj); Console.WriteLine('Minimum cost : ' + final_res); Console.Write('Path Taken : '); for (int i = 0; i <= N; i++) { Console.Write(final_path[i] + ' '); } } } // This code is contributed by Rohit Pradhan
JavaScript const N = 4; // final_path[] stores the final solution ie the // path of the salesman. let final_path = Array (N + 1).fill (-1); // visited[] keeps track of the already visited nodes // in a particular path let visited = Array (N).fill (false); // Stores the final minimum weight of shortest tour. let final_res = Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER; // Function to copy temporary solution to // the final solution function copyToFinal (curr_path){ for (let i = 0; i < N; i++){ final_path[i] = curr_path[i]; } final_path[N] = curr_path[0]; } // Function to find the minimum edge cost // having an end at the vertex i function firstMin (adj i){ let min = Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER; for (let k = 0; k < N; k++){ if (adj[i][k] < min && i !== k){ min = adj[i][k]; } } return min; } // function to find the second minimum edge cost // having an end at the vertex i function secondMin (adj i){ let first = Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER; let second = Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER; for (let j = 0; j < N; j++){ if (i == j){ continue; } if (adj[i][j] <= first){ second = first; first = adj[i][j]; } else if (adj[i][j] <= second && adj[i][j] !== first){ second = adj[i][j]; } } return second; } // function that takes as arguments: // curr_bound -> lower bound of the root node // curr_weight-> stores the weight of the path so far // level-> current level while moving in the search // space tree // curr_path[] -> where the solution is being stored which // would later be copied to final_path[] function TSPRec (adj curr_bound curr_weight level curr_path) { // base case is when we have reached level N which // means we have covered all the nodes once if (level == N) { // check if there is an edge from last vertex in // path back to the first vertex if (adj[curr_path[level - 1]][curr_path[0]] !== 0) { // curr_res has the total weight of the // solution we got let curr_res = curr_weight + adj[curr_path[level - 1]][curr_path[0]]; // Update final result and final path if // current result is better. if (curr_res < final_res) { copyToFinal (curr_path); final_res = curr_res; } } return; } // for any other level iterate for all vertices to // build the search space tree recursively for (let i = 0; i < N; i++){ // Consider next vertex if it is not same (diagonal // entry in adjacency matrix and not visited // already) if (adj[curr_path[level - 1]][i] !== 0 && !visited[i]){ let temp = curr_bound; curr_weight += adj[curr_path[level - 1]][i]; // different computation of curr_bound for // level 2 from the other levels if (level == 1){ curr_bound -= (firstMin (adj curr_path[level - 1]) + firstMin (adj i)) / 2; } else { curr_bound -= (secondMin (adj curr_path[level - 1]) + firstMin (adj i)) / 2; } // curr_bound + curr_weight is the actual lower bound // for the node that we have arrived on // If current lower bound < final_res we need to explore // the node further if (curr_bound + curr_weight < final_res){ curr_path[level] = i; visited[i] = true; // call TSPRec for the next level TSPRec (adj curr_bound curr_weight level + 1 curr_path); } // Else we have to prune the node by resetting // all changes to curr_weight and curr_bound curr_weight -= adj[curr_path[level - 1]][i]; curr_bound = temp; // Also reset the visited array visited.fill (false) for (var j = 0; j <= level - 1; j++) visited[curr_path[j]] = true; } } } // This function sets up final_path[] function TSP (adj) { let curr_path = Array (N + 1).fill (-1); // Calculate initial lower bound for the root node // using the formula 1/2 * (sum of first min + // second min) for all edges. // Also initialize the curr_path and visited array let curr_bound = 0; visited.fill (false); // compute initial bound for (let i = 0; i < N; i++){ curr_bound += firstMin (adj i) + secondMin (adj i); } // Rounding off the lower bound to an integer curr_bound = curr_bound == 1 ? (curr_bound / 2) + 1 : (curr_bound / 2); // We start at vertex 1 so the first vertex // in curr_path[] is 0 visited[0] = true; curr_path[0] = 0; // Call to TSPRec for curr_weight equal to // 0 and level 1 TSPRec (adj curr_bound 0 1 curr_path); } //Adjacency matrix for the given graph let adj =[[0 10 15 20] [10 0 35 25] [15 35 0 30] [20 25 30 0]]; TSP (adj); console.log (`Minimum cost:${final_res}`); console.log (`Path Taken:${final_path.join (' ')}`); // This code is contributed by anskalyan3.
Saída :
Minimum cost : 80 Path Taken : 0 1 3 2 0
O arredondamento está sendo feito nesta linha de código:
if (level==1) curr_bound -= ((firstMin(adj curr_path[level-1]) + firstMin(adj i))/2); else curr_bound -= ((secondMin(adj curr_path[level-1]) + firstMin(adj i))/2);
No algoritmo TSP de ramificação e limite, calculamos um limite inferior ao custo total da solução ideal, adicionando os custos mínimos de borda para cada vértice e depois dividindo por dois. No entanto, esse limite inferior pode não ser um número inteiro. Para obter um limite inferior inteiro, podemos usar arredondamento.
No código acima, a variável curr_bound mantém o limite inferior atual no custo total da solução ideal. Quando visitamos um novo vértice no nível de nível, calculamos um novo candidato a limite inferior, obtendo a soma dos custos mínimos da borda para o novo vértice e seus dois vizinhos mais próximos. Em seguida, atualizamos a variável curr_bound arredondando new_bound para o número inteiro mais próximo.
Se o nível for 1, arredondamos até o número inteiro mais próximo. Isso ocorre porque já visitamos apenas um vértice e queremos ser conservadores em nossa estimativa do custo total da solução ideal. Se o nível for maior que 1, usamos uma estratégia de arredondamento mais agressiva que leva em consideração o fato de que já visitamos alguns vértices e, portanto, podemos fazer uma estimativa mais precisa do custo total da solução ideal.
Complexidade do tempo: A complexidade do pior caso de ramificação e limite permanece a mesma que a força bruta claramente, porque, na pior das hipóteses, podemos nunca ter a chance de podar um nó. Considerando que, na prática, ele tem um desempenho muito bom, dependendo da instância diferente da TSP. A complexidade também depende da escolha da função delimitadora, pois são os que decidem quantos nós são podados.
Referências:
http://lcm.csa.iisc.ernet.in/dsa/node187.html